Article 3 provided for the sale to the United Kingdom of a complete facility for the propulsion of nuclear submarines and uranium containing uranium for ten years. [79] Based on the concerns expressed by the JCAE, the ACS would set the price that the UK would pay for highly enriched uranium (HEU). [80] Originally, the treaty did not authorize the surrender to Britain of non-nuclear components of nuclear weapons. It was amended on 7 May 1959 to give Britain access to non-nuclear components[77] and to allow the transfer of special nuclear materials such as plutonium, HEU and tritium. [82] The agreement paved the way for Polaris` subsequent purchase agreement,[83] which was signed on April 6, 1963. [84] Both agreements have been “the cornerstone of the nuclear relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States for nearly 60 years.” [79] One of the first advantages of the agreement was that the UK could “anglicize” the W28 nuclear warhead as a Red Snow warhead for the Blue Steel missile. [87] British designers were impressed by the W28, which was not only lighter than the British Green Grass warhead used in Yellow Sun, but also remarkably more economical in the use of expensive fissile materials. The full name of the treaty is the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for Cooperation on the Uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defence. It allows the United States and the United Kingdom to exchange nuclear materials, technologies and information. The United States has nuclear cooperation agreements with other countries, including France and other NATO countries, but this agreement is by far the most comprehensive.

Because of the strategic value of the deal for Britain, Harold Macmillan (the prime minister who led the UK`s accession to the deal) called it “the Grand Prix”. [1] In December of the same year, although Pakistan had not yet concluded a pact with the United States or received military support, Nehru indicated that he could not continue the agreements set out in the joint communiqué on Kashmir because “the whole context in which these agreements were concluded will change when military aid [to Pakistan] comes from the United States.” [iii] Clearly, Pakistan could not allow Mr. Nehru to dictate his foreign policy. In May 1954, Pakistan signed the Agreement on Mutual Defence Assistance with the United States. From that moment on, the fact that the Indian Prime Minister would reject the joint communiqué on Kashmir became a foregone conclusion. Pakistan`s efforts to save it finally collapsed when prime ministers met for the last time in May 1955. REAFFIRMING their commitment to mutual cooperation in nuclear research and development under the 1959 Canada/Euratom Agreement, India and the United States sign the Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative, a framework that lifts a three-decade moratorium between the United States and nuclear trade with India. Under the agreement, India agrees to separate its civilian and military nuclear facilities and place all its civilian assets under the security measures of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In return, the United States agrees to work towards full civil nuclear cooperation with India. The Congress will give its final approval in October 2008.

Since India`s independence, relations with the United States have survived mistrust and alienation from India`s Cold War-era nuclear program. Relations have warmed in recent years and have strengthened cooperation in a number of economic and political fields. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi meets with President Ronald Reagan during a state visit aimed at improving strained relations between countries. Gandhi pointed to the differences between the UNITED States and India in a speech at the White House, but said they should “find a common space, no matter how small.” The leaders finally agreed to intensify cooperation and settle a dispute over nuclear power four years after the United States blocked the supply of low-enriched uranium fuel needed at India`s Tarapur power plant. Two years later, Vice President George H.W. Bush led a high-level visit to New Delhi. Under the agreement, 5.37 tons of plutonium produced in the United Kingdom were sent to the United States between 1960 and 1979 in exchange for 6.7 kg of tritium and 7.5 tons of FOIN. An additional 470 kg of plutonium was exchanged between the United States and the United Kingdom for reasons that remain secret. [101] Some of the plutonium produced in Britain was used by the United States in 1962 for the only known nuclear weapons test of the reactor`s plutonium. [102] The plutonium sent to the United States contained some of it produced in British civilian magnox reactors, and the United States assured that civilian plutonium was not used in the U.S. nuclear weapons program. It has been used in civilian programs, which included potash research projection and reactor research.

[101] It has been nearly a decade since Pakistan became an ally of the West. In May 1954, Pakistan signed the Agreement on Mutual Defence Assistance with the United States. Later that year, he became a member of SEATO along with the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia and New Zealand. A year later, he joined the Baghdad Pact, another mutual defense organization, with Britain, Turkey, Iran and Iraq. The United States has not joined this organization, but has remained closely associated with it since its inception. In 1958, when Iraq left this pact, it was renamed CENTO (Central Treaty Organization): it continued to include Turkey, Iran and Pakistan as regional members. In early 1959, Pakistan (along with Turkey and Iran) signed a bilateral cooperation agreement with the United States that aimed to further strengthen CENTO`s defense objectives. The United States and India sign the New Framework for U.S.-India Defense Relations [PDF], which sets priorities for defense cooperation in the areas of maritime security, humanitarian and disaster relief, and counterterrorism. In October, the two countries will conduct the largest naval exercise to date, followed by major air and land exercises.

In the same year, the alliance with the United States came under greater pressure. The Soviet Union reacted when Pakistan joined the Baghdad Pact (now CENTO) in 1955. Until then, the Soviet Union had taken a neutral stance on the Kashmir conflict. Their representatives abstained when this issue was raised in the Security Council. The Soviet Union accused Pakistan of becoming a member of an “aggressive Western alliance” by joining the Baghdad Pact, and it responded by radically changing its position on Kashmir. From then on, the Soviet Union began to join India`s claim that no referendum was possible or necessary in Kashmir and that Kashmir was an “integral part” of India. In pursuit of this new position, the Soviet Union has since vetoed any Security Council resolution on Kashmir that India opposed, regardless of its merit. For a time, the Soviet Union took the position that the Kashmir conflict was being exploited by the Western powers for their own ends and that it would prefer it to be decided through direct negotiations between India and Pakistan without the intervention of those powers. Last year, the Soviet Union went even further.

Apparently, at India`s instigation, it even vetoed the Security Council resolution of 22 June 1962, which essentially called only on India and Pakistan to resolve this dispute through bilateral negotiations. NOTING that, within the framework of the Agreement between the Government of Canada and EURATOM on Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, signed in 1959, as amended, hereinafter referred to as the “Canada/Euratom Agreement of 1959”, active cooperation and exchange of information has also taken place in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, United States…